Mukhannathun / mujannaduna (مخنثون), divergent stories in Islam

  • Ana Lilia de Jesús Alberto
Keywords: islam, mukhannathun, mujannaduna, trans, trans women

Abstract

This research will present the historical context of the mukhannathun, its relationship with Islam over time, the theological support it has been given, and its connection with current Muslim sex-gender diversity, particularly trans women.

References

Alipour, M. (2017). “Transgender Identity, The Sex-Reassignment Surgery Fatwas and Islamic Theology of a Third Gender”. Religion and Gender, 7 (2), pp. 164-179. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348277520_Transgender_Identity_The_Sex-Reassignment_Surgery_Fatwas_and_Islamic_Theology_of_A_Third_Gender

Aziz, M. (2023). “The Law and Mukhannathun”, “Chapter Two - Legal Perspectives”. En Gender Diverse Performativity in Classical Islam. Hidaya LGBTQI+

https://hidayahlgbt.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Gender-Diverse-Performativity-in-Classical-Islam-by-Moses-Aziz.pdf

Beswick, E. (2019, diciembre 19). “La comunidad transexual de Irán: Legalmente reconocida pero socialmente marginada”. Euronews. https://es.euronews.com/2018/01/15/la-comunidad-transexual-de-iran-legalmente-reconocida-pero-socialmente-marginada

Butt, R. (2023, enero 19). “In Pakistan, trans men search for inclusion, visibility”. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-pakistan-lahore-people-muslim-b2265031.html

Dluha, M. (2019). “Chapter I Introduction” y “Chapter IV Conclusion”. En The textual development of transgenderism-rebuking hadith [Tesis de Master, School of Graduate Studies of UIN Sunan Kalijaga], pp. 1-16, 107-111. http://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/39458

Gómez, L. (2019). “Islam”. Diccionario de Islam eislamismo. Madrid: Trota.

Fernández, D. A. (2021-2022, octubre-enero). “El islam en la globalización LGBTQ: una aproximación queer a las Relaciones Internacionales. Relaciones Internacionales”, Relaciones internacionales, (48), pp. 87-88. https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2021.48.005

López, N. (2023, septiembre 16). “Homonacionalismo: usar los derechos LGTBI como identidad nacional”. Newtral. https://www.newtral.es/homonacionalismo-derechos-lgtbi-europa/20230916/

Mann, T. (2016, febrero 14). “Inside the world’s first transgender mosque”. Metro. https://metro.co.uk/2016/02/14/inside-the-worlds-first-transgender-mosque-5681345/

Morris, L. (2019, febrero 16). “To what extent would modern discourse around sexuality be anachronistic to impose upon medieval Arabic/Muslim scholars?”. The Historian Journal The University of Exeter’s Undergraduate History Journal.

https://thehistorianjournal.wordpress.com/2019/02/15/to-what-extent-would-modern-discourse-around-sexuality-be-anachronistic-to-impose-upon-medieval-arabic-muslim-scholars/

Noralla, N. (2023, junio 29). “The “Chromosome Trap”: Anti-Trans Narratives and Policy in Egypt”. The Tahir Institute for Middle East Policy. https://timep.org/2023/06/29/chromosome-trap-anti-trans-narratives-and-policy-in-egypt/

Noralla, N. (2022, julio 22). “The Middle East has an anti-transgender bills problem”. New Arab. https://www.newarab.com/features/middle-east-has-anti-transgender-bills-problem

Olowo, A. (2023). “Sexual Reassignment Surgery: Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini’s and Sayyid Tantawi’s Fatwas”. Religions Journal, 17, 35–39. https://www.dicid.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/DICIDNewsletter_17_En.pdf

Oxford Reference. (2025). “Mawlā”. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100141527

Philipps, A. (2015, diciembre 3). “Epistemicidio: así es como la modernidad suprime formas marginales de conocimiento”. United Explanations.

https://www.unitedexplanations.org/2015/12/03/31787/

Rivera, E., & Turcios, I. (2018).”El Corán y la diversidad sexual”. En Evaluación de la gestión político-criminal del Estado salvadoreño en casos de crímenes por odio contra la población LGBTI. Fundación Heinrich Böll. pp. 27-29. https://sv.boell.org/es/2020/07/06/evaluacion-de-la-gestion-politico-criminal-del-estado-salvadoreno-en-casos-de-crimenes

Scholarly Community Encyclopedia. (2022, noviembre 7). “Mukhannathun”. Scholarly Community Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33178

"Sunan Abi Dawud » Book of General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab) » (61) Chapter: The ruling regarding hermaphrodites". Sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/abudawud/43/158

"Sunan Abi Dawud » Book of General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab) » (61) Chapter: The ruling regarding hermaphrodites". Sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/abudawud/43/156

Swiss info. (2020, noviembre 6). “Una madrasa para las personas transgénero en Bangladés”. Swiss info. https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/una-madrasa-para-las-personas-transg%C3%A9nero-en-banglad%C3%A9s/46145808

Published
2025-08-20
How to Cite
de Jesús Alberto, A. L. (2025). Mukhannathun / mujannaduna (مخنثون), divergent stories in Islam. Philosophical Miscellany αρχή Electronic Magazine, 9(25), 58-75. https://doi.org/10.31644/mfarchere_v.9;n.25/25-A03